Vaccination Strategies and Early Interventions for Preventing Infectious Diseases in Children Under Five: A Systematic Evidence Review
Keywords:
pediatric infectious diseases, childhood vaccination, under-5 mortality, disease prevention, oral rehydration therapy, immunization coverage, child health outcomesAbstract
Infectious diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years globally. This review evaluates the effectiveness of vaccination programs, nutritional supplementation, oral rehydration therapy, and early antibiotic intervention in reducing pediatric infectious disease burden. Evidence drawn from 50 peer-reviewed publications (2015–2024) was analyzed across four preventive categories. Findings demonstrate that high childhood vaccination coverage (≥90%) reduces under-5 mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases by up to 72%. Integrated nutrition and immunization programs further decrease severity outcomes. Oral rehydration therapy continues to be a cost-effective intervention against diarrheal mortality. Early recognition of sepsis combined with timely antimicrobial therapy substantially improves survival rates. These results reinforce the critical role of multi-pronged prevention strategies within pediatric primary care and public health systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where the disease burden is highest. Policy commitments, funding continuity, and community-level health literacy are essential accelerators of progress.
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