Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus: Preventive Medicine Strategies and the Burden of Complications — A Comprehensive
Keywords:
diabetes mellitus, endocrinology, preventive medicine, complications, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, public health, metabolic diseaseAbstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) represents one of the most pressing public health challenges of the 21st century, demanding integrated endocrinological and preventive medicine approaches. Objective: To comprehensively review current evidence on the pathophysiology, epidemiology, preventive strategies, and multisystem complications of diabetes mellitus, with emphasis on endocrine mechanisms and translational clinical implications. Methods: A narrative review of 50 peer-reviewed publications (2018–2024) was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Results: Diabetes affects over 537 million adults globally, with projections exceeding 783 million by 2045. Dysregulated insulin signaling, beta-cell dysfunction, and chronic hyperglycemia drive micro- and macrovascular complications including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Preventive medicine frameworks encompassing lifestyle modification, pharmacological intervention, and health system strengthening significantly reduce incidence and complication burden. Conclusion: Interdisciplinary endocrinological care integrated with population-level preventive strategies represents the cornerstone of effective diabetes management. Expanding access to evidence-based therapies and early screening programs is essential.
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