Current Advances in Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus, Preventive Medicine, and Complications
Keywords:
endocrinology, diabetes mellitus, preventive medicine, complications, insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, cardiometabolic, screeningAbstract
Diabetes mellitus remains one of the most important problems in modern endocrinology because its burden is increasing globally and its complications affect nearly every organ system. Current literature shows that diabetes is no longer managed only through glucose lowering; contemporary care integrates cardiometabolic risk reduction, complication screening, precision pharmacotherapy, and prevention across the life course. This review summarizes recent evidence on endocrine mechanisms of diabetes, contemporary classification, preventive medicine strategies, and the pathogenesis and management of microvascular and macrovascular complications. It also highlights the growing role of incretin-based therapy, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition, continuous glucose monitoring, and closed-loop insulin delivery. The review emphasizes that prevention and complication reduction require coordinated lifestyle, pharmacologic, technological, and systems-level interventions.
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