Endometriosis in Women of Reproductive Age: Prevention, Diagnostic Advances, and Modern Management Strategies
Keywords:
endometriosis, pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, hormonal therapy, laparoscopy, biomarkers, women's reproductive healthAbstract
Endometriosis is a chronic, estrogen-dependent gynecological disorder affecting approximately 10% of women of reproductive age worldwide, characterized by ectopic implantation of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterine cavity. The condition is associated with debilitating pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and infertility. Despite its high prevalence, endometriosis is subject to significant diagnostic delays — averaging 6–9 years globally — due to symptom overlap with other pelvic conditions, limited awareness, and the historical reliance on laparoscopy for definitive diagnosis. This review synthesizes current evidence on the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and evolving landscape of endometriosis diagnosis and management, with particular emphasis on emerging non-invasive biomarker approaches and the shift from purely surgical to multi-modal medical strategies. Hormonal therapies including gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists and progestins demonstrate significant efficacy in pain reduction. Laparoscopic excision remains the gold standard for severe disease. Artificial intelligence-assisted imaging and microRNA-based diagnostics represent promising frontiers. Understanding these advancements is critical for improving outcomes in resource-limited settings such as Central Asia.
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