Seasonal Respiratory and Enteric Diseases in Children: Contemporary Epidemiology, Evidence-Based Management, and Preventive Strategies in the Post-Pandemic Era
Keywords:
pediatric infectious diseases, seasonal respiratory illness, RSV, influenza, rotavirus, nirsevimab, post-pandemic epidemiologyAbstract
Background: Seasonal infectious diseases remain the leading cause of pediatric morbidity and hospitalization globally. The post-COVID-19 era has introduced significant disruptions to classical seasonality patterns, demanding updated clinical frameworks. Objective: To review current epidemiological trends, evidence-based management protocols, and prevention strategies for major pediatric seasonal diseases, incorporating post-pandemic surveillance data. Methods: A narrative review of peer-reviewed literature, WHO technical documents, and CDC surveillance reports published between 2020 and 2025 was conducted, focusing on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), seasonal influenza, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), rotavirus gastroenteritis, and Group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Results: Post-pandemic rebound led to record RSV admissions in 2022–2023 (4,701 vs. 1,969–2,357 prepandemic). Nirsevimab introduction in 2024–2025 reduced infant RSV hospitalizations by 28–43%. Annual influenza vaccination remains the cornerstone of prevention, with oseltamivir effective within 48 hours of symptom onset. Rotavirus vaccines have dramatically reduced gastroenteritis burden worldwide. Conclusion: Integrated surveillance, timely vaccination, and evidence-based clinical protocols are essential to reduce the burden of seasonal diseases in children, particularly following ongoing post-pandemic epidemiological shifts.
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