Contemporary Challenges and Advances in Paediatric Anaesthesiology: Neurodevelopment, Regional Techniques, and Perioperative Outcomes
Keywords:
pediatric anaesthesia, perioperative management, regional anaesthesia, neurodevelopment, outcome measures, disparities, enhanced recoveryAbstract
Recent advances in paediatric anaesthesiology have substantially improved perioperative safety and comfort for children, while simultaneously raising new questions regarding long‑term neurodevelopment and equity of care –. This narrative review summarizes contemporary developments in perioperative pathways, pharmacology, regional anaesthesia, monitoring, and outcome measurement specific to children, with a particular focus on neurodevelopmental safety and emerging concepts such as core outcome sets and disparities in anaesthetic care –. Evidence from large cohort studies and meta‑analyses suggests that single, brief anaesthetic exposures in early childhood are unlikely to cause major neurocognitive impairment, although repeated or prolonged exposures may be associated with subtle domain‑specific deficits,. Recent work in paediatric regional anaesthesia, enhanced recovery protocols, and standardized perioperative outcome sets is reshaping clinical practice and research priorities,. By integrating these strands, this article outlines practical implications for paediatric anaesthesiologists and identifies key research gaps relevant to daily clinical decision‑making.
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