Contemporary Perspectives on Hypertension in Internal Medicine: From Risk Stratification to Personalized Management in the Digital Era
Keywords:
hypertension, cardiovascular risk, blood pressure, guidelines, pharmacotherapy, lifestyle, telemedicine, digital healthAbstract
Hypertension remains the leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet global rates of diagnosis, treatment, and control remain suboptimal despite major advances in pharmacotherapy and health systems organization. Recent international and American guidelines have reframed hypertension as a lifelong cardiovascular risk state, emphasizing earlier detection, more aggressive risk-based thresholds, and comprehensive management built on lifestyle, fixed-dose combination therapy, and multidisciplinary care. Parallel developments in digital health, telemonitoring, and novel pharmacologic and device-based therapies are reshaping traditional internal medicine models toward more personalized and technology-enabled care. This narrative review synthesizes current concepts in epidemiology and pathophysiology, summarizes key elements of contemporary guidelines, and discusses emerging strategies including early dual therapy, risk calculators such as PREVENT, digital tools for adherence and remote management, and approaches for special populations. The article highlights practical implications for clinicians working in internal medicine and subspecialty settings, and outlines future directions aimed at enhancing long-term blood pressure control and cardiovascular risk reduction.
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