Contemporary treatment options for diabetes mellitus: current challenges and emerging future perspectives
Keywords:
diabetes mellitus, pharmacotherapy, incretin‑based therapy, SGLT2 inhibitors, precision medicine, artificial intelligence, diabetes technologyAbstract
Diabetes mellitus requires multifaceted management integrating lifestyle, pharmacologic, and technological interventions across heterogeneous patient populations. This narrative review summarizes current treatment options for type 1 and type 2 diabetes, focusing on lifestyle modification, established glucose‑lowering agents, and diabetes technologies such as continuous glucose monitoring and automated insulin delivery. It then highlights newer disease‑modifying drug classes, including sodium–glucose cotransporter‑2 inhibitors, glucagon‑like peptide‑1 receptor agonists, and next‑generation dual and triple incretin agonists, alongside advances in precision medicine and digital health. Persistent challenges—such as residual cardiovascular and renal risk, obesity, hypoglycemia, therapeutic inertia, health‑system constraints, and inequitable access—are discussed in the context of global prevalence and resource variability. Finally, the article outlines future perspectives, including mechanistically rational combination therapies, precision diabetes medicine, and artificial intelligence–enabled decision support. Together, these developments aim to shift diabetes care from glucose‑centric control toward holistic, individualized risk reduction and complication prevention.
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